Machiavelli
The Prince
Having now
considered all the things we have spoken of, and thought within myself
whether at present the time was not propitious in Italy for a new prince,
and if there was not a state of things which offered an opportunity to a
prudent and capable man to introduce a new system that would do honour to
himself and good to the mass of the people, it seems to me that so many
things concur to favour a new ruler that I do not know of any time more
fitting for such an enterprise. And if, as I said, it was necessary in
order that the power of Moses should be displayed, that the people of
Israel should be slaves in Egypt, and to give scope for the greatness and
courage of Cyrus that the Persians should be oppressed by the Medes, and
to illustrate the pre-eminence of Theseus that the Athenians should be
dispersed, so at the present time, in order that the might of an Italian
genius might be recognized, it was necessary that Italy should be reduced
to her present condition, and that she should be more enslaved than the
Hebrews, more oppressed than the Persians, and more scattered than the
Athenians; without a head, without order, beaten, despoiled, lacerated,
and overrun, and that she should have suffered ruin of every kind. And although
before now a gleam of hope has appeared which gave hope that some
individual might be appointed by God for her redemption, yet at the
highest summit of his career he was thrown aside by fortune, so that now,
almost lifeless, she awaits one who may heal her wounds and put a stop to
the pillaging of Lombardy, to the rapacity and extortion in the Kingdom of
Naples and in Tuscany, and cure her of those sores which have long been
festering. Behold how she prays God to send some one to redeem her from
this barbarous cruelty and insolence. Behold her ready and willing to
follow any standard if only there be some one to raise it. There is
nothing now she can hope for but that your illustrious house may place
itself at the head of this redemption, being by its power and fortune so
exalted, and being favoured by God and the Church, of which it is now the
ruler. Nor will this be very difficult, if you call to mind the actions
and lives of the men I have named. And although those men were rare and
marvelous, they were none the less men, and each of them had less
opportunity than the present, for their enterprise was not juster than
this, nor easier, nor was God more their friend than He is yours. Here is
a just cause; iustum enim est bellum quibus necessarium, et pia anna ubi nulla nisi in
armis spes est. Here is the greatest willingness, nor can there be
great difficulty where there is great willingness, provided that the
measures are adopted of those whom I have set before you as examples.
Besides this, unexampled wonders have been seen here performed by God, the
sea has been opened, a cloud has shown you the road, the rock has given
forth water, manna has rained, and everything has contributed to your
greatness, the remainder must be done by you. God will not do everything,
in order not to deprive us of free will and the portion of the glory that
falls to our lot. It is no
marvel that none of the before-mentioned Italians have done that which it
is to be hoped your illustrious house may do; and if in so many
revolutions in Italy and so many war-like operations, it always seems as
if military capacity were extinct, this is because the ancient methods
were not good, and no one has arisen who knew how to discover new ones.
Nothing does so much honour to a newly-risen man than the new laws and
measures which he introduces. These things, when they are well based and
have greatness in them, render him revered and admired, and there is not
lacking scope in Italy for the introduction of every kind of new
organization. Here there is a great virtue in the members, if it were not
wanting in the heads. Look how in duels and in contests of a few the
Italians are superior in strength, dexterity, and intelligence. But when
it comes to armies they make a poor show; which proceeds entirely from the
weakness of the leaders, for those that know are not obeyed, and every one
thinks that he knows, there being hitherto nobody who has raised himself
so high both by valour and fortune as to make the others yield. Hence it
comes about that for so long a time, in all the wars waged during the last
twenty years, whenever there has been an entirely Italian army it has
always been a failure, as witness Taro, then Alexandria, Capua, Genoa,
Vaila, Bologna, and Mestri. If your
illustrious house, therefore, wishes to follow those great men who
redeemed their countries, it is be fore all things necessary, as the true
foundation of every undertaking, to provide yourself with your own forces,
for you cannot have more faithful, or truer and better soldiers. And
although each one of them may be good, they will united become even better
when they see themselves commanded by their prince, and honoured and
favoured by him. It is therefore necessary to prepare such forces in order
to be able with Italian prowess to defend the country from foreigners. And
although both the Swiss and Spanish infantry are deemed terrible, none the
less they each have their defects, so that a third method of array might
not only oppose them, but be confident of overcoming them. For the
Spaniards cannot sustain the attack of cavalry, and the Swiss have to fear
infantry which meets them with resolution equal to their own. From which
it has resulted, as will be seen by experience, that the Spaniards cannot
sustain the attack of French cavalry, and the Swiss are overthrown by
Spanish infantry. And although a complete example of the latter has not
been seen, yet an instance was furnished in the battle of Ravenna, where
the Spanish infantry attacked the German battalions, which are organized
in the same way as the Swiss. The Spaniards, through their bodily agility
and aided by their bucklers, had entered between and under their pikes and
were in a position to attack them safely without the Germans being able to
defend themselves; and if the cavalry had not charged them they would have
utterly destroyed them. Knowing therefore the defects of both these kinds
of infantry, a third kind can be created which can resist cavalry and need
not fear infantry, and this will be done by the choice of arms and a new
organization. And these are the things which, when newly introduced, give
reputation and grandeur to a new prince. This
opportunity must not, therefore, be allowed to pass, so that Italy may at
length find her liberator. I cannot express the love with which he would
be received in all those provinces which have suffered under these foreign
invasions, with what thirst for vengeance, with what steadfast faith, with
what love, with what grateful tears. What doors would be closed against
him? What people would refuse him obedience? What envy could oppose him?
What Italian would withhold allegiance? This barbarous domination stinks
in the nostrils of every one. May your illustrious house therefore assume
this task with that courage and those hopes which are inspired by a just
cause, so that under its banner our fatherland may be raised up, and under
its auspices be verified that saying of Petrarch: Valour
against fell wrath
Will take up arms; and be the combat quickly sped!
For, sure, the ancient worth,
That in Italians stirs the heart, is not yet dead.