Machiavelli
The Prince

Preface
1 The Various Kinds of Government
and
the Ways by Which They Are Established
2 Of Hereditary Monarchies
3 Of Mixed Monarchies
4 Why the Kingdom of Darius, Occupied by Alexander,
Did Not Rebel Against the Successors of the Latter
After His Death

5 The Way to Govern Cities or Dominions That,
Previous to Being Occupied, Lived Under Their Own Laws

6 Of New Dominions Which Have
Been Acquired by One’s Own Arms and Ability

7 Of New Dominions Acquired
by the Power of Others or by Fortune

8 Of Those Who Have Attained
the Position of Prince by Villainy

9 Of the Civic Principality

10 How the Strength of All States Should Be Measured

11 Of Ecclesiastical Principalities

12 The Different Kinds of Militia and Mercenary Soldiers

l3 Of Auxiliary, Mixed, and Native Troops

14 The Duties of a Prince with Regard to the Militia

15 Of the Things for Which Men,
and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed

16 Of Liberality and Niggardliness

17 Of Cruelty and Clemency,
and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved or Feared

18 In What Way Princes Must Keep Faith

19 That We Must Avoid Being Despised and Hated

20 Whether Fortresses and Other Things
Which Princes Often Contrive Are Useful or Injurious

21 How a Prince Must Act in Order to Gain Reputation

22 Of the Secretaries of Princes

23 How Flatterers Must Be Shunned

24 Why the Princes of Italy Have Lost Their States

25 How Much Fortune Can Do
in Human Affairs and How It May Be Opposed

26 Exhortation to Liberate Italy from the Barbarians